{"id":17162,"date":"2023-01-18T17:08:02","date_gmt":"2023-01-18T17:08:02","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.walksofitaly.com\/blog\/?p=17162"},"modified":"2026-01-17T17:44:18","modified_gmt":"2026-01-17T17:44:18","slug":"the-roman-pantheon","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.walksofitaly.com\/blog\/attractions\/the-roman-pantheon","title":{"rendered":"Roman Pantheon from the Inside Out: History &#038; Fascinating Facts"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>The Roman Pantheon is, without a shadow of a doubt, the greatest surviving structure from the ancient Roman Empire. And not only does it survive, it radiates a vision and elegance that are nothing short of modern in their execution.\u00a0 To stand on his porphyry-inlaid floor and look up into the giant occulus in its dome is to forget completely that you are standing in a super-structure built nearly 2,000 years ago.<\/p>\n<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"576\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-17170\" src=\"https:\/\/www.walksofitaly.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/walks_rome_-7.jpg\" alt=\"The Roman Pantheon\" \/>\n<p>On paper it is another temple among many dedicated to the pagan gods of Rome. In practice it is a colossal structure topped with the largest unreinforced concrete dome in the world &#8211; a feat of engineering that required such painstakingly precision no one has dared to attempt it since.<\/p>\n<p>One of the main reasons it remains in such remarkable condition is that it has never fallen out of use. Since the 7th century it has been used as a Christian church, and you can still attend worship there on Sundays if you want to take in one of the most unique and breathtaking sanctuaries on earth.<\/p>\n<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_80 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-grey ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title\" style=\"cursor:inherit\">Table of Contents<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"ez-toc-pull-right ez-toc-btn ez-toc-btn-xs ez-toc-btn-default ez-toc-toggle\" aria-label=\"Toggle Table of Content\"><span class=\"ez-toc-js-icon-con\"><span class=\"\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/www.walksofitaly.com\/blog\/attractions\/the-roman-pantheon\/#What_to_See_when_visiting_the_Pantheon\" >What to See when visiting the Pantheon<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/www.walksofitaly.com\/blog\/attractions\/the-roman-pantheon\/#The_Portico\" >The Portico<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/www.walksofitaly.com\/blog\/attractions\/the-roman-pantheon\/#The_Dome\" >The Dome<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/www.walksofitaly.com\/blog\/attractions\/the-roman-pantheon\/#A_Bit_of_Trivia\" >A Bit of Trivia<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/www.walksofitaly.com\/blog\/attractions\/the-roman-pantheon\/#FAQ%C2%B4s_%E2%80%93_Visiting_The_Pantheon\" >FAQ\u00b4s &#8211; Visiting The Pantheon<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/www.walksofitaly.com\/blog\/attractions\/the-roman-pantheon\/#What_are_the_opening_times_to_visit_the_Pantheon\" >What are the opening times to visit the Pantheon?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-7\" href=\"https:\/\/www.walksofitaly.com\/blog\/attractions\/the-roman-pantheon\/#Is_the_Pantheon_still_an_active_church\" >Is the Pantheon still an active church?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-8\" href=\"https:\/\/www.walksofitaly.com\/blog\/attractions\/the-roman-pantheon\/#What_is_the_best_time_of_day_to_visit_the_Pantheon\" >What is the best time of day to visit the Pantheon?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-9\" href=\"https:\/\/www.walksofitaly.com\/blog\/attractions\/the-roman-pantheon\/#What_is_the_best_weather_to_visit_the_Pantheon\" >What is the best weather to visit the Pantheon?<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"What_to_See_when_visiting_the_Pantheon\"><\/span>What to See when visiting the Pantheon<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"The_Portico\"><\/span><strong>The Portico<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>The gigantic portico of the Pantheon is framed by 16 granite columns, each a single piece of stone measuring 39ft tall and 5ft in diameter and weighing 60 tons. As if their scale weren\u2019t enough, each had to be imported from Egypt via a system of barges and boats with help from plenty of slave labor.<\/p>\n<p>Modern engineers still haven\u2019t figured out every detail of how people in the first century BC managed to transport the gigantic columns, along with Rome\u2019s famous Egyptian obelisks, over such long distances, and they probably never will. In ancient times the portico probably featured ancient bronze relief statues along its roof. This is the same bronze work that some archaeologists believe was ordered stripped by Pope Urban VIII in order to it for Bernini\u2019s baldachin in St. Peter\u2019s, but the jury is still out.<\/p>\n<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"682\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-17171\" src=\"https:\/\/www.walksofitaly.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/Walks-20181109-Rome-Highlights-Tour-HR-0020.jpg\" alt=\"Pantheon - Portico\" \/>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"The_Dome\"><\/span><strong>The Dome<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>When we think of ancient Roman architecture the first thing that comes to mind is marble. So you might be surprised to learn that the big innovation of Roman architecture wasn\u2019t with stone work, it was with that most \u201cmodern\u201d of building materials &#8211; concrete.<\/p>\n<p>At its simplest, concrete is a mixture of wet ingredients mixed with small pieces of stone (aggregate) for toughness that sets due to a chemical reaction. It has been in use since before the advent of recorded history but the Romans were to first to employ it for large scale, curved super structures, the shining example of which is the Pantheon.<\/p>\n<p>Roman concrete (as opposed to modern \u201cPortland\u201d Cement) is a mix of water, lime, and volcanic ash called Pozzolana. In order to build a 5,000 ton dome out of it that wouldn\u2019t collapse in on itself, workers had to create coffered concrete blocks that al conformed to precise dimensions so they could be stacked, on on top of another, to form the graceful curve of the enormous Dome.<\/p>\n<p>Even the tiniest deviation in shape in a single block would have thrown off the entire Dome as they built toward its apex. Not only did the shapes have to be right, the density of the blocks had to decrease as they went up. If the top of the dome was as heavy or heavier than the base, it would be structurally unsound and eventually fall.<\/p>\n<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1000\" height=\"667\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-8831\" src=\"https:\/\/www.walksofitaly.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/04\/pantheon-dome-2.jpg\" alt=\"The dome of the Pantheon.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.walksofitaly.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/04\/pantheon-dome-2.jpg 1000w, https:\/\/www.walksofitaly.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/04\/pantheon-dome-2-768x512.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1000px) 100vw, 1000px\" \/>\n<p>In order to work around this, the designers used lighter aggregates in their blocks as they got higher so that the blocks near the top of the dome contain pumice and tufa (comparatively light stones) while those near the base contain brick and travertine.<\/p>\n<p>142 feet above the floor, the 30-foot oculus opens to the heaven and lets natural light spill in, moving in a reverse sundial effect through the interior during the course of the day. Given the the building has been open to the elements for nearly 2,000 years the floor has head up very well. If you take a close look you\u2019ll see that drainage holes are cut into it allowing rainwater to drain away without puddling on the stone and doing lasting damage.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"A_Bit_of_Trivia\"><\/span><strong>A Bit of Trivia<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>Whether or not the bronze that Pope Urban VIII removed from the Pantheon did or did not go into Bernini\u2019s divine baldachin, it definitely went into the making of cannons for the Castel Sant\u2019Angelo. And not all Romans were particularly happy about it. A contemporary poem quipped: \u201cWhat the barbarians did not do, the Barberinis did\u201d. (Barberini was the last name of Urban VIII before he became pope.)<\/p>\n<p>You might know that the Renaissance master Raphael is buried in the Pantheon. But less well known is that his fianc\u00e9 is buried beside him. The story goes that Raphael was engaged to be wed to Maria Bibbiena but put off the marriage for six years (carrying on at least one affair in the meantime) until she died. It appears that Rafael\u2019s motivations for marriage were basically connections.<\/p>\n<p>No one know why the Pantheon was originally built. That it was a religious building is clear, but who or what was worships there remains deliciously vague. It seems, from contemporary writings, that \u201cPantheon\u201d may have only been a nickname for the building, but what it was actually called and what purpose it was meant to serve is still a matter of conjecture.<\/p>\n<p>The Pantheon was one of the buildings studied by Filippo Brunelleschi when he was was trying to figure out how to construct the massive Dome on the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.walksofitaly.com\/blog\/attractions\/florence-cathedral\">Florence Cathedral<\/a>.<\/p>\n<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1200\" height=\"800\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-10665\" src=\"https:\/\/www.walksofitaly.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/03\/RW_7145-4.jpg\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.walksofitaly.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/03\/RW_7145-4.jpg 1200w, https:\/\/www.walksofitaly.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/03\/RW_7145-4-768x512.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1200px) 100vw, 1200px\" \/>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"FAQ%C2%B4s_%E2%80%93_Visiting_The_Pantheon\"><\/span>FAQ\u00b4s &#8211; Visiting The Pantheon<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"What_are_the_opening_times_to_visit_the_Pantheon\"><\/span><strong>What are the opening times to visit the Pantheon?<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>The Pantheon opens every day at 9:00am and closes at 7:00pm (last entry at 6.30pm). To visit the Pantheon on weekends and public holidays, you are required to book the ticket for a specific time slot in advance.\u00a0Please check their <a href=\"https:\/\/www.pantheonroma.com\/openings-info\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">website<\/a> for latest updates as times may vary depending on special religious events.<\/p>\n<h3 class=\"isSelectedEnd\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Is_the_Pantheon_still_an_active_church\"><\/span><strong>Is the Pantheon still an active church?<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p class=\"isSelectedEnd\">Yes. Since the 7th century, the Pantheon has functioned as a Catholic basilica. Mass is still held on Sundays and holy days, and visitors are expected to dress modestly and remain respectful during worship.<\/p>\n<h3 class=\"isSelectedEnd\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"What_is_the_best_time_of_day_to_visit_the_Pantheon\"><\/span><strong>What is the best time of day to visit the Pantheon?<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p class=\"isSelectedEnd\">The quietest and most atmospheric times are early in the morning when it opens at 9:00am or just before closing in the evening.\u00a0Despite the fact that you could fit a 143ft diameter sphere inside the central atrium, it can be packed with visitors during the high season so avoid visiting midday and the afternoon if possible.<\/p>\n<h3 class=\"isSelectedEnd\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"What_is_the_best_weather_to_visit_the_Pantheon\"><\/span><strong>What is the best weather to visit the Pantheon?<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p class=\"isSelectedEnd\">Visiting on a sunny day is especially rewarding, as sunlight streaming through the oculus dramatically illuminates the interior.<\/p>\n<p class=\"isSelectedEnd\">It is also interesting if it rains while you\u2019re inside the Pantheon as rain falls directly through the oculus into the building. But the Pantheon was designed for this. Subtle drainage holes in the sloping marble floor allow water to drain away efficiently, preventing flooding even during heavy rain.<\/p>\n<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1280\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-23962\" src=\"https:\/\/www.walksofitaly.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2011\/07\/Devour_Rome_Trastevere_1140-2.jpg\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.walksofitaly.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2011\/07\/Devour_Rome_Trastevere_1140-2.jpg 1920w, https:\/\/www.walksofitaly.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2011\/07\/Devour_Rome_Trastevere_1140-2-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.walksofitaly.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2011\/07\/Devour_Rome_Trastevere_1140-2-1536x1024.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\" \/>\n<p><strong>Ready to explore the path once trodden by emperors, popes, and other fascinating figures? <\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Check out the <a class=\"decorated-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.walksofitaly.com\/rome-tours\/\" target=\"_new\" rel=\"noopener\" data-start=\"129\" data-end=\"198\">Walks of Italy Rome Tours<\/a> for guided experiences that let you skip the lines, dive into history, and taste the city like a local. From VIP Vatican access to Colosseum adventures, foodie tours, and day trips beyond the city, there\u2019s a tour for every interest\u2014and every moment is made easier with an expert guide.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Book your Rome experience today!<\/strong><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>The Roman Pantheon is, without a shadow of a doubt, the greatest surviving structure from the ancient Roman Empire. And not only does it survive, it radiates a vision and elegance that are nothing short of modern in their execution.\u00a0 To stand on his porphyry-inlaid floor and look up into the giant occulus in its [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":88,"featured_media":17170,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[149],"tags":[286,18],"ppma_author":[196],"class_list":["post-17162","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-attractions","tag-pantheon","tag-rome"],"authors":[{"term_id":196,"user_id":88,"is_guest":0,"slug":"chiarar","display_name":"Chiara R.","avatar_url":{"url":"https:\/\/www.walksofitaly.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/Chiara-Rossi.png","url2x":"https:\/\/www.walksofitaly.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/Chiara-Rossi.png"},"user_url":"","last_name":"R.","first_name":"Chiara","job_title":"","description":"Born and raised amidst the ancient ruins and charming cobblestone streets, Chiara is the ultimate insider when it comes to all things Rome. Whether she's unraveling the secrets of the Colosseum or exploring the trendy neighborhoods of Trastevere, Chiara's always immersing herself in the world of fashion, food and travel, and she loves sharing her life and insights to the world through her writing."}],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.walksofitaly.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/17162"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.walksofitaly.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.walksofitaly.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.walksofitaly.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/88"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.walksofitaly.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=17162"}],"version-history":[{"count":12,"href":"https:\/\/www.walksofitaly.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/17162\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":24622,"href":"https:\/\/www.walksofitaly.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/17162\/revisions\/24622"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.walksofitaly.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/17170"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.walksofitaly.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=17162"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.walksofitaly.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=17162"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.walksofitaly.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=17162"},{"taxonomy":"author","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.walksofitaly.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/ppma_author?post=17162"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}